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45 Motor Skill Development
Martha Lally and Suzanne Valentine-French
Early childhood is the time period when most children acquire the basic skills for movement, such as running, jumping, and skipping, and object control skills, such as throwing, catching, and kicking (Clark, 1994). Children continue to improve their gross motor skills as they run and jump. Fine motor skills are also being refined in activities such as pouring water into a container, drawing, colouring, buttoning coats, and using scissors. Table 4.1 highlights some of the changes in motor skills during early childhood between ages two and five. The development of greater coordination of muscle groups and finer precision can be seen during this time period. Thus, average 2-year-olds may be able to run with slightly better coordination than they managed as a toddler, yet they would have difficulty peddling a tricycle, something the typical 3-year-old can do. We see similar changes in fine motor skills with 4-year-olds who no longer struggle to put on their clothes, something they may have had problems with two years earlier. Motor skills continue to develop into middle childhood, but for those in early childhood, play that deliberately involves these skills is emphasized.
Table 4.1: Changes in Gross and Fine Motor Skills in Early Childhood Source: NIH: US National Library of Medicine
Gross Motor Skills
Fine Motor Skills
Age 2
Can kick a ball without losing balance
Can pick up objects while standing without losing balance (usually occurs by fifteen months, is cause for concern if not seen by two years)
Can run with better coordination (may still have a wide stance)
Able to turn a door knob
Can look through a book, turning one page at a time
Can build a tower of six to seven cubes
Able to put on simple clothes without help (often better at removing clothes than putting them on)
Age 3
Can briefly balance and hop on one foot
May walk up stairs with alternating feet (without holding the rail)
Can pedal a tricycle
Can build a block tower of more than nine cubes
Can easily place small objects in a small opening
Can copy a circle
Drawing a person with three parts
Feeds themself easily
Age 4
Shows improved balance
Hops on one foot without losing balance
Throws a ball overhand with coordination
Can cut out a picture using scissors
Can draw a square
Can manage a spoon and fork neatly while eating
Puts on clothes properly
Age 5
Has better coordination (getting the arms, legs, and body to work together)
Skips, jumps, and hops with good balance
Stays balanced while standing on one foot with eyes closed
Shows more skill with simple tools and writing utensils
Can draw a triangle
Can use a knife to spread soft foods
Children’s art: Children’s art highlights many developmental changes. Rhoda Kellogg (1969) noted that children’s drawings undergo several transformations. Starting with about twenty different types of scribbles at age two, children move on to experimenting with the placement of scribbles on the page. By age three they are using the basic structure of scribbles to create shapes and are beginning to combine these shapes to create more complex images. By four or five children are creating images that are more recognizable representations of the world. These changes are a function of improvement in motor skills, perceptual development, and cognitive understanding of the world (Cote and Golbeck, 2007).
Figure 4.3: A child’s drawing of a tadpole
The drawing of a tadpole (see Figure: 4.3) is a pervasive feature of young children’s drawings of self and others. Tadpoles emerge in children’s drawing at about age three and have been observed in the drawings of young children around the world (Gernhardt, Rubeling, and Keller, 2015). Despite the universality of tadpoles in children’s drawings, there are cultural variations in the size, number of facial features, and emotional expressions displayed. Gernhardt et al. (2015) found that children from Western contexts (such as urban areas in Germany and Sweden) and urban educated non-Western contexts (such as urban areas in Turkey, Costa Rica, and Estonia) drew larger images with more facial detail and more positive emotional expressions, while those from non-Western rural contexts (such as rural areas of Cameroon and India) depicted themselves as smaller with fewer facial details and a more neutral emotional expression. The authors suggest that cultural norms of non-Western, traditionally rural cultures, which emphasize the social group rather than the individual, may be one of the factors for the difference in the size of the figure. The tadpole figures of children from Western cultures often took up most of the page. Coming from cultures that emphasize the individual, this should not be surprising.
