"

Appendix L: Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials

Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
Half-Reaction E° (V)
{\text{Ag}}^{+}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ag} +0.7996
\text{AgCl}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ag}+{\text{Cl}}^{-} +0.22233
{\left[\text{Ag}{\left(\text{CN}\right)}_{2}\right]}^{-}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ag}+2{\text{CN}}^{-} −0.31
{\text{Ag}}_{2}{\text{CrO}}_{4}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}2\text{Ag}+{\text{CrO}}_{4}{}^{2-} +0.45
{\left[\text{Ag}{\left({\text{NH}}_{3}\right)}_{2}\right]}^{+}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ag}+2{\text{NH}}_{3} +0.373
{\left[\text{Ag}{\left({\text{S}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}\right)}_{2}\right]}^{3+}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ag}+{\text{2S}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}{}^{2-} +0.017
{\left[{\text{AlF}}_{6}\right]}^{3-}+3{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Al}+6{\text{F}}^{-} −2.07
{\text{Al}}^{3+}+3{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Al} −1.662
{\text{Am}}^{3+}+3{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Am} −2.048
{\text{Au}}^{3+}+3{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Au} +1.498
{\text{Au}}^{+}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Au} +1.692
{\text{Ba}}^{2+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ba} −2.912
{\text{Be}}^{2+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Be} −1.847
{\text{Br}}_{2}\left(aq\right)+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}2{\text{Br}}^{-} +1.0873
{\text{Ca}}^{2+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ca} −2.868
{\text{Ce}}^{3+}+3{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ce} −2.483
{\text{Ce}}^{4+}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{Ce}}^{3+} +1.61
{\text{Cd}}^{2+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Cd} −0.4030
{\left[\text{Cd}{\left(\text{CN}\right)}_{4}\right]}^{2-}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Cd}+4{\text{CN}}^{-} −1.09
{\left[\text{Cd}{\left({\text{NH}}_{3}\right)}_{4}\right]}^{2+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Cd}+4{\text{NH}}_{3} −0.61
\text{CdS}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Cd}+{\text{S}}^{2-} −1.17
{\text{Cl}}_{2}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}2{\text{Cl}}^{-} +1.35827
{\text{ClO}}_{4}{}^{-}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{ClO}}_{3}{}^{-}+2{\text{OH}}^{-} +0.36
{\text{ClO}}_{3}{}^{-}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{ClO}}_{2}{}^{-}+2{\text{OH}}^{-} +0.33
{\text{ClO}}_{2}{}^{-}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{ClO}}^{-}+2{\text{OH}}^{-} +0.66
{\text{ClO}}^{-}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{Cl}}^{-}+2{\text{OH}}^{-} +0.89
{\text{ClO}}_{4}{}^{-}+2{\text{H}}_{3}{\text{O}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{ClO}}_{3}{}^{-}+3{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} +1.189
{\text{ClO}}_{3}{}^{-}+3{\text{H}}_{3}{\text{O}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{HClO}}_{2}+4{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} +1.21
\text{HClO}+{\text{H}}_{3}{\text{O}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{Cl}}^{-}+2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} +1.482
\text{HClO}+{\text{H}}_{3}{\text{O}}^{+}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{1}{2}{\text{Cl}}_{2}+2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} +1.611
{\text{HClO}}_{2}+2{\text{H}}_{3}{\text{O}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{HClO}+3{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} +1.628
{\text{Co}}^{3+}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{Co}}^{2+}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(2\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mol}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{//}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{H}}_{2}{\text{SO}}_{4}\right) +1.83
{\text{Co}}^{2+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Co} −0.28
{\left[\text{Co}{\left({\text{NH}}_{3}\right)}_{6}\right]}^{3+}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\left[\text{Co}{\left({\text{NH}}_{3}\right)}_{6}\right]}^{2+} +0.1
\text{Co}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{3}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Co}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{2}+{\text{OH}}^{-} +0.17
{\text{Cr}}^{3}+3{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Cr} −0.744
{\text{Cr}}^{3+}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{Cr}}^{2+} −0.407
{\text{Cr}}^{2+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Cr} −0.913
{\left[\text{Cu}{\left(\text{CN}\right)}_{2}\right]}^{-}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Cu}+2{\text{CN}}^{-} −0.43
{\text{CrO}}_{4}{}^{2-}+4{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}+3{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\text{Cr}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{3}+5{\text{OH}}^{-} −0.13
{\text{Cr}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{7}{}^{2-}+14{\text{H}}_{3}{\text{O}}^{+}+6{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}2{\text{Cr}}^{3+}+21{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} +1.232
{\left[\text{Cr}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{4}\right]}^{-}+3{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Cr}+4{\text{OH}}^{-} −1.2
\text{Cr}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{3}+3{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Cr}+3{\text{OH}}^{-} −1.48
{\text{Cu}}^{2+}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{Cu}}^{+} +0.153
{\text{Cu}}^{2+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Cu} +0.34
{\text{Cu}}^{+}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Cu} +0.521
{\text{F}}_{2}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}2{\text{F}}^{-} +2.866
{\text{Fe}}^{2+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Fe} −0.447
{\text{Fe}}^{3+}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{Fe}}^{2+} +0.771
{\left[\text{Fe}{\left(\text{CN}\right)}_{6}\right]}^{3-}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\left[\text{Fe}{\left(\text{CN}\right)}_{6}\right]}^{4-} +0.36
\text{Fe}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{2}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Fe}+2{\text{OH}}^{-} −0.88
\text{FeS}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Fe}+{\text{S}}^{2-} −1.01
{\text{Ga}}^{3+}+3{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ga} −0.549
{\text{Gd}}^{3+}+3{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Gd} −2.279
\frac{1}{2}{\text{H}}_{2}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{H}}^{-} −2.23
2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{H}}_{2}+2{\text{OH}}^{-} −0.8277
{\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{2}+2{\text{H}}_{3}{\text{O}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}4{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} +1.776
2{\text{H}}_{3}{\text{O}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{H}}_{2}+2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} 0.00
{\text{HO}}_{2}{}^{-}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}3{\text{OH}}^{-} +0.878
{\text{Hf}}^{4+}+4{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Hf} −1.55
{\text{Hg}}^{2+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Hg} +0.851
2{\text{Hg}}^{2+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{Hg}}_{2}{}^{2+} +0.92
{\text{Hg}}_{2}{}^{2+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}2\text{Hg} +0.7973
{\left[{\text{HgBr}}_{4}\right]}^{2-}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Hg}+4{\text{Br}}^{-} +0.21
{\text{Hg}}_{2}{\text{Cl}}_{2}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}2\text{Hg}+2{\text{Cl}}^{-} +0.26808
{\left[\text{Hg}{\left(\text{CN}\right)}_{4}\right]}^{2-}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Hg}+{\text{4CN}}^{-} −0.37
{\left[{\text{HgI}}_{4}\right]}^{2-}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Hg}+{\text{4I}}^{-} −0.04
\text{HgS}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Hg}+{\text{S}}^{2-} −0.70
{\text{I}}_{2}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{2I}}^{-} +0.5355
{\text{In}}^{3+}+{\text{3e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{In} −0.3382
{\text{K}}^{\text{+}}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{K} −2.931
{\text{La}}^{3+}+{\text{3e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{La} −2.52
{\text{Li}}^{\text{+}}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Li} −3.04
{\text{Lu}}^{3+}+{\text{3e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Lu} −2.28
{\text{Mg}}^{2+}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Mg} −2.372
{\text{Mn}}^{2+}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Mn} −1.185
{\text{MnO}}_{2}+{\text{2H}}_{2}\text{O}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Mn}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{2}+{\text{2OH}}^{-} −0.05
{\text{MnO}}_{4}{}^{-}+{\text{2H}}_{2}\text{O}+{\text{3e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{MnO}}_{2}+{\text{4OH}}^{-} +0.558
{\text{MnO}}_{2}+4{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{Mn}}^{2+}+2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} +1.23
{\text{MnO}}_{4}{}^{-}+8{\text{H}}^{+}+5{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{Mn}}^{2+}+4{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} +1.507
{\text{Na}}^{\text{+}}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Na} −2.71
{\text{Nd}}^{3+}+{\text{3e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Nd} −2.323
{\text{Ni}}^{2+}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ni} −0.257
{\left[\text{Ni}{\left({\text{NH}}_{3}\right)}_{6}\right]}^{2+}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ni}+{\text{6NH}}_{3} −0.49
{\text{NiO}}_{2}+4{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{Ni}}^{2+}+2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} +1.593
{\text{NiO}}_{2}+{\text{2H}}_{2}\text{O}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ni}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{2}+{\text{2OH}}^{-} +0.49
\text{NiS}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ni}+{\text{S}}^{2-} +0.76
{\text{NO}}_{3}{}^{-}+4{\text{H}}^{+}+3{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow\text{NO}+2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} +0.957
{\text{NO}}_{3}{}^{-}+3{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{HNO}}_{2}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} +0.92
{\text{NO}}_{3}{}^{-}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{NO}}_{2}{}^{-}+{\text{2OH}}^{-} +0.10
{\text{Np}}^{3+}+{\text{3e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Np} −1.856
{\text{O}}_{2}+{\text{2H}}_{2}\text{O}+{\text{4e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{4OH}}^{-} +0.401
{\text{O}}_{2}+2{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{2} +0.695
{\text{O}}_{2}+4{\text{H}}^{+}+4{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} +1.229
{\text{Pb}}^{2+}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Pb} −0.1262
{\text{PbO}}_{2}+{\text{SO}}_{4}{}^{\text{2−}}+4{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{PbSO}}_{4}+2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} +1.69
\text{PbS}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Pb}+{\text{S}}^{2-} −0.95
{\text{PbSO}}_{4}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Pb}+{\text{SO}}_{4}{}^{2-} −0.3505
{\text{Pd}}^{2+}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Pd} +0.987
{\left[{\text{PdCl}}_{4}\right]}^{2-}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Pd}+{\text{4Cl}}^{-} +0.591
{\text{Pt}}^{2+}\text{}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Pt} +1.20
{\left[{\text{PtBr}}_{4}\right]}^{2-}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Pt}+{\text{4Br}}^{-} +0.58
{\left[{\text{PtCl}}_{4}\right]}^{2-}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Pt}+{\text{4Cl}}^{-} +0.755
{\left[{\text{PtCl}}_{6}\right]}^{2-}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\left[{\text{PtCl}}_{4}\right]}^{2-}+{\text{2Cl}}^{-} +0.68
{\text{Pu}}^{3}+{\text{3e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Pu} −2.03
{\text{Ra}}^{2+}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ra} −2.92
{\text{Rb}}^{\text{+}}+{\text{e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Rb} −2.98
{\left[{\text{RhCl}}_{6}\right]}^{3-}+{\text{3e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Rh}+{\text{6Cl}}^{-} +0.44
\text{S}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{S}}^{2-} −0.47627
\text{S}+2{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{H}}_{2}\text{S} +0.142
{\text{Sc}}^{3+}+{\text{3e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Sc} −2.09
\text{Se}+2{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{H}}_{2}\text{Se} −0.399
{\left[{\text{SiF}}_{6}\right]}^{2-}+{\text{4e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Si}+{\text{6F}}^{-} −1.2
{\text{SiO}}_{3}{}^{\text{2−}}\text{}+{\text{3H}}_{2}\text{O}+{\text{4e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Si}+{\text{6OH}}^{-} −1.697
{\text{SiO}}_{2}+4{\text{H}}^{+}+4{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow\text{Si}+2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} −0.86
{\text{Sm}}^{3+}+{\text{3e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Sm} −2.304
{\text{Sn}}^{4+}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{Sn}}^{2+} +0.151
{\text{Sn}}^{2+}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Sn} −0.1375
{\left[{\text{SnF}}_{6}\right]}^{2-}+{\text{4e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Sn}+{\text{6F}}^{-} −0.25
\text{SnS}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Sn}+{\text{S}}^{2-} −0.94
{\text{Sr}}^{2+}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Sr} −2.89
{\text{TeO}}_{2}+4{\text{H}}^{+}+4{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow\text{Te}+2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O} +0.593
{\text{Th}}^{4+}+{\text{4e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Th} −1.90
{\text{Ti}}^{2+}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ti} −1.630
{\text{U}}^{3+}+{\text{3e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{U} −1.79
{\text{V}}^{2+}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V} −1.19
{\text{Y}}^{3+}+{\text{3e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Y} −2.37
{\text{Zn}}^{2+}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Zn} −0.7618
{\left[\text{Zn}{\left(\text{CN}\right)}_{4}\right]}^{2-}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Zn}+{\text{4CN}}^{-} −1.26
{\left[\text{Zn}{\left({\text{NH}}_{3}\right)}_{4}\right]}^{2+}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Zn}+{\text{4NH}}_{3} −1.04
\text{Zn}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{2}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Zn}+{\text{2OH}}^{-} −1.245
{\left[\text{Zn}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{4}\right]}^{2}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Zn}+{\text{4OH}}^{-} −1.199
\text{ZnS}+{\text{2e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Zn}+{\text{S}}^{2-} −1.40
{\text{Zr}}^{4}+{\text{4e}}^{-}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\rightarrow\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Zr} −1.539

License

Icon for the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Appendix L: Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials Copyright © by J. Hollett; D. Latimer; and D. Vanderwel is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book